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The history of hackers from the dawn of humanity to the present day. Hackers ≠ villains...
The history of hackers from the dawn of humanity to the present day.
Hackers ≠ villains
“Hacker” simply means someone who pushes a system beyond its intended use; ethics split them into white hats(defenders) and black hats (attackers).
Flaws are human, not machine
Bugs stem from programming mistakes; early example: 1950s “bugs” were literal moths in tube computers. Hackers exploit such flaws just as lock-pickers exploit bad locks.
First big hack (1834)
The Blanc brothers bribed operators on ’s optical-telegraph network to slip stock tips through the error-correction mechanism, beating the market by days.
Phone-phreak era (1950s-1970s)
Captain Crunch’s 2600 Hz whistle fooled switches into granting free calls; Jobs & Wozniak sold “blue boxes” doing the same.
Internet dawn & celebrity hackers
Kevin Poulsen rerouted radio contests; Robert Morris’s worm crashed 10 % of the fledgling Internet; Kevin Mitnick mixed technical hacks with social engineering, landing on the FBI’s “Most Wanted.”
Hacker collectivism
Cypherpunks (1992): privacy, decentralization, crypto manifesto (free access, distrust authority).
Anonymous: leaderless “digital flock” coordinating online protests.
Chaos Computer Club (Berlin): white-hat research and public audits (e.g., ’s COVID app).
Four modern tribes
White hats / researchers – find and disclose bugs, defend privacy.
Criminal crews – profit-driven ransomware, card theft, etc.
Mercenaries – vendors of spyware like Pegasus, sold to states.
Nation-states – build cyber-armies; Stuxnet showed state-grade sabotage.
Why the bad reputation?
Cyber-crime now out-earns all other transnational crime combined; 83 % of SMEs still lack basic defenses. As stakes rise—from personal data to national security—every hacker action feels existential.
Bottom line: Hackers can be guardians or predators; their tools are neutral, but in a hyper-connected world the consequences—and the fear—have never been bigger.
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